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Five current infrastructure investment trends spanning energy security, AI and broadening investor access routes.

Cushman & Wakefield's Netherlands Retail Q4 2025 MarketBeat report covers the investment and occupier markets, documenting retail investment volume reaching nearly €1.3 billion in 2025 with activity driven by mid-sized transactions while larger deals were postponed due to capital market uncertainty and geopolitical tensions. The report finds that retail volume sales increased approximately 2% year-on-year supported by resilient consumer demand, with high streets accounting for roughly a quarter of total retail investment volume and sports brands maintaining active expansion while the drugstore segment faces intensified competition and pricing pressure.

The Cushman & Wakefield Netherlands Living Q4 2025 report analyzes the Dutch residential investment and occupier markets, noting that full year 2025 investment volume increased 22% to approximately €5.7 billion, with 2026 expected to see strong growth following a January 2026 transfer tax reduction for investors, while gross prime yields are stabilizing around 4%. The occupier market faces a persistent structural shortage of approximately 395,000 housing units across both owner-occupied and rental segments, with average transaction prices at €502,000 and continued upward pressure on rents driven by reduced rental supply and high demand, particularly benefiting wealthier first-time buyers in urban apartment segments.

The Netherlands industrial market recorded approximately 3.8 million square meters of take-up in 2025, with logistics continuing to dominate investment activity at around €2.5 billion in total investment volume, though pricing misalignment between buyers and sellers continues to constrain transaction volumes. The occupier market shows strong demand for high-quality properties in core locations with structurally low vacancy rates, while secondary markets face higher vacancy and increasing rental discounts, with prime yields at 4.75% and prime rent at €125 per square meter annually.

In the first three quarters of 2025, €1.5 billion was invested in the Dutch industrial and logistics real estate market, with 79% allocated to logistics, and the sector accounted for approximately 21% of total Dutch commercial real estate investment, with solid transactions occurring particularly in the €20 to €70 million range. The industrial occupier market recorded total take-up of 2,351,000 sq m in the same period, with strong demand for high-quality properties in core markets but very low vacancy levels there, while secondary locations showed higher vacancy rates and less occupier interest.

Cushman & Wakefield's Q3 2025 Netherlands retail market report shows that investment volume reached €877 million, 56% higher year-over-year, though growth slowed during summer months, while the occupier market experienced renewed high-street sales growth and declining vacancy at 6.3% despite retailers managing elevated costs. The report identifies wide bid-ask spreads, foreign capital constraints due to tax issues, and limited high-quality supply as key challenges, while noting strong demand for convenience retail and retail parks, and opportunities for discounters as the mid-price segment continues to disappear.

In the first half of 2025, Netherlands retail investment volume reached €750 million, more than doubling compared to the first half of 2024, with the out-of-town segment rising from €20 million in Q1 to over €117 million by Q2, driven partly by French SCPI fund activity. The occupier market showed discounters expanding in high streets at the expense of mid-price retailers, sports brands moving into larger stores to offer flexible layouts, and foreign drugstore brands entering the Dutch market while established players remained inactive due to high rental costs.

In the first half of 2025, €980 million was invested in the Dutch industrial and logistics real estate market, with 72% allocated to logistics; the occupier market showed modest 4% growth in take-up compared to H1 2024, reaching approximately 1,610,000 sq m, while total supply grew 8% year-on-year driven by large-scale logistics facility completions. Prime rents stood at €125 per sq m annually, the prime yield (GIY excluding buyers' costs) was 4.90%, and the market is characterized by tight supply and rising rents in logistics hotspots contrasted with rising vacancy rates at secondary locations.

This Cushman & Wakefield MarketBeat report covers Poland's residential sector in Q1 2026, analyzing economic fundamentals including GDP growth of 4.0% year-on-year, inflation at 3.0%, mortgage demand surging 80.5% annually, and average flat prices in Warsaw reaching PLN 19,253 per sqm on the primary market and PLN 18,526 per sqm on the secondary market. The report documents new housing starts of 30,886 units, flat completions of 26,064 units, building permits issued for 45,862 units, and notes that rental growth has stabilized at 0% annually while Poland's five-year rental increase of 60% remains more than double the European Union average.

Prague's office market ended 2025 with a 5.9% vacancy rate and stable prime rents at €30.00 per square meter per month, supported by record-low new supply of 26,600 square meters delivered during the year while 263,300 square meters remained under construction for 2026-2028 completion. Full-year gross take-up totaled 573,200 square meters, 10% below 2024 levels, though the Czech economy continued to recover driven by domestic demand and rising consumption despite cautious corporate hiring in the office sector.

Krakow's 2026 real estate market report by Knight Frank covers office, retail, warehouse, hotel, and residential sectors, presenting market data and trends across Poland's leading regional business center. Key findings include office market take-up reaching a historic high of 269,500 sq m in 2025 with a 18.4% vacancy rate, retail stock at 658,000 sq m with exceptionally low 2.6% vacancy, and warehouse stock exceeding 1.2 million sq m with 2.8% vacancy amid constrained supply.

The Czech commercial real estate market achieved record investment of €4.2 billion in 2025, more than double the prior year's €1.7 billion, with Q4 2025 alone reaching €1.8 billion, driven primarily by domestic capital representing 86% of annual volume and major transactions including the Palladium shopping centre and office acquisition by Czech fund Reico. Prime yields remained stable with office and industrial yields at 5.00% and hotel yields at 6.25%, while sector allocation was led by offices at 31% of annual investment, retail at 28%, and industrial assets at 19%, supported by projected GDP growth of 2.7% and improving consumer confidence.

Kraków's modern office stock reached 1,842,300 sq m by end of 2025, with the City Centre accounting for nearly one-quarter of supply at 436,700 sq m, while leasing activity hit a record peak of 269,500 sq m driven predominantly by lease renegotiations comprising 63% of total take-up. The vacancy rate declined to 18.4% representing 338,400 sq m of available space, though distribution is uneven across zones with the City Centre at 6.3% compared to the Northwest at 28.8%, while class A rents in modern buildings currently stand at EUR 14.00-18.00 per sq m per month with only 11,900 sq m of new supply delivered in 2025 against 55,400 sq m under construction.

Poland's retail market added approximately 545,000 sqm of gross lettable area in 2025, with Q4 contributing 314,000 sqm—the strongest quarterly growth since 2016—driven primarily by retail parks (75% of new supply) while total retail stock reached 17.26 million sqm. Poland's economy grew 3.8% year-on-year in Q3 2025 fueled by domestic consumption and investment, retail sales rose 4.4% year-on-year through November, and 31 retailers opened first brick-and-mortar locations in the country during 2025, with shopping centre footfall and turnover recovering in December ahead of the Christmas season.

In H1 2025, Poland's office market reached 689,000 sq m in total take-up (up 15% year-on-year), supported by constrained new supply at 343,000 sq m (the lowest in two decades) and a national vacancy rate stabilizing at slightly above 14%, with Warsaw's CBD vacancy falling to 7.1%. Between January 2024 and June 2025, over €2 billion was invested in Polish office assets, with prime Warsaw yields approaching 6% and capital values at EUR 4,500–6,000 per sq m offering significantly lower prices than Western European cities, positioning the market for renewed investor interest as rental growth and yield compression accelerate.

Poland's industrial real estate market achieved 6.64 million sqm in gross take-up during 2025, representing 14% year-on-year growth, while total stock reached 36.58 million sqm with a vacancy rate of 7.4% and prime rents ranging from EUR 4.40–5.75 per sqm per month. Poland's economy grew 3.6% in 2025 with GDP projected to expand 3.7% in 2026, supported by robust domestic demand, declining inflation expectations, and interest rate cuts that reduced borrowing costs for industrial and logistics investment.

Cushman & Wakefield's Q4 2025 industrial market report for the Czech Republic shows that total modern industrial stock reached 13.3 million sq m, with 813,500 sq m completed year-to-date (a 53% increase versus 2024) and 1.3 million sq m under construction, while leasing activity posted strong results with 642,000 sq m gross take-up and 371,500 sq m net take-up for the quarter. The vacancy rate stood at 4.8% at quarter-end with prime rents stable at €7.50/sq m in Prague, €6.50/sq m in Brno, €5.90/sq m in Pilsen, and €5.60/sq m in Ostrava, as the Czech economy recovered from prolonged stagnation supported by domestic demand with 3.0% GDP growth forecast and unemployment at 2.8%.

Czech commercial real estate investment reached a record €4.36 billion in 2025, representing a 136% year-on-year increase, with mixed-use assets capturing 29% of volume, offices 24%, and industrial 18%, while Czech domestic buyers dominated with 86% of total investment volume. Q4 2025 investment activity accelerated sharply to €1.83 billion across 33 deals, with the Palladium mixed-use transaction representing the largest single-asset deal in Czech market history, and prime office and industrial yields stabilizing at 5.15% while retail yields compressed to 6.00%.

Poland's combined office stock across nine major markets stood at 12.96 million sqm at the end of Q4 2025, with new supply constrained at 109,250 sqm (down 52% year-on-year), while the national vacancy rate declined to 13.1% and leasing activity in Warsaw reached a record 309,850 sqm in Q4, up 7% annually. Poland's economy grew 3.6% in 2025 with unemployment at 5.7%, and development pipelines have shrunk significantly from pre-pandemic levels due to elevated construction costs and weaker leasing demand compared with prior periods.

Knight Frank's Q4 2025 comprehensive guide documents Poland's warehouse market, reporting that total warehouse take-up reached 6.6 million square meters in 2025 (the third-highest annual result on record), while investment volumes increased 11% year-on-year to EUR 1.5 billion, with modern warehouse stock exceeding 36.6 million square meters despite new supply declining 35% to 1.7 million square meters. Key findings include a vacancy rate of 7.4%, asking rents ranging from EUR 3.8–7.5 per square meter per month depending on facility type and location, and strong demand driven primarily by 3PL operators and retail chains, with international investors—particularly from the United States (38% of investment volume) and Czech Republic (16%)—demonstrating continued confidence in Poland's logistics market.

Czech Republic's retail market delivered 57,300 sq m of new retail space in Q4 2025, bringing modern retail stock to 4.0 million sq m, with prime rents rising across all segments—high street rents increased 6.8% year-over-year to €235 per sq m per month, shopping centre rents rose 12.7% to €160 per sq m, and retail park rents gained 10.3% to €16 per sq m. The economy is expected to maintain solid growth in 2026 before stabilizing toward 2027, supported by strong domestic demand and household consumption, with approximately 119,700 sq m of retail space under construction as of end-2025.

Savills' Q4 2025 Prague office market report documents total stock of 3.94 million square meters with gross take-up of 143,400 square meters (down 24% year-over-year), net take-up of 60,900 square meters (down 35% year-over-year), a vacancy rate of 5.9% (down 134 basis points), and completions of 11,300 square meters (up 240% year-over-year). The document reports that 2025 saw Prague's lowest annual new office supply in market history at 26,600 square meters, that the vacancy rate fell below 6.0% for the first time since Q1 2020, that total occupier activity reached 573,200 square meters (10% below 2024 but 18% above the five-year average), and that net take-up for the full year was 307,100 square meters (3% below 2024

Knight Frank's Q3 2025 report on Kraków analyzes the city's investment attractiveness, office market dynamics, and labor market trends, finding that Kraków ranks first in business friendliness and human capital among large European cities in the fDi's 2025 ranking, with a population of 809,200 and an unemployment rate of 2.5%. The office market shows Kraków as Poland's largest regional market with 1.85 million square meters of stock, 204,000 square meters of take-up through September 2025 (up 21% year-on-year), and an 18.6% vacancy rate, while the labor market has stabilized with employers becoming more cautious about pay increases, with only 34% of professionals actively seeking new employment and strong demand concentrated in finance, IT, cybersecurity, and big data roles.

Poland's economy expanded 3.7% year-on-year in Q3 2025, the fastest pace since Q4 2022, driven by private consumption and a stable labour market, with inflation at 2.9% and mortgage enquiries rising 42.2% year-on-year according to Cushman & Wakefield's residential sector analysis. During the first three quarters of 2025, construction began on 100,113 flats intended for sale or rent, representing a 14% decrease from the same period in 2024, while average asking prices on the primary market in Warsaw reached PLN 17,322 per square meter with modest quarterly growth of 1%.

Poland's commercial real estate investment market reached EUR 2.6 billion in total volume during the first three quarters of 2025, representing an 8% year-on-year decline but maintaining over 100 closed deals and signaling anticipated recovery in Q4. The office sector led investment activity with EUR 899 million (34% of total volume), followed by the warehouse sector with EUR 873 million showing 18% year-on-year growth, while Polish domestic capital achieved a record 22% share of total investment originating from Poland, reflecting increased appetite among local investors for commercial real estate.

As of September 2025, Warsaw's modern office stock totalized 6.24 million square meters with a 9.7% vacancy rate—the lowest since late 2020—while office demand in the first three quarters of 2025 reached 486,600 square meters, marking a 2% decline year-over-year. New supply for Q1–Q3 2025 delivered 88,700 square meters (18% higher than the same period in 2024), with 90% concentrated in central zones where headline rents for prime space ranged from EUR 22.50 to 27.00 per square meter per month.

Knight Frank's Q3 2025 "Strong Cities" report examines Warsaw's city attractiveness, office market performance, and labor market trends, presenting data on the city's investment potential, infrastructure, and economic indicators. Key findings include that Warsaw's office market remains stable with a vacancy rate of 9.7% (lowest in nearly five years), total stock of 6.25 million square meters, and 487,000 square meters leased between January and September 2025, while the Polish labor market has entered a phase of stability with cautious wage growth where only 34% of professionals actively seek new employment and double-digit pay rises are rare outside shortage sectors like finance and IT.

In Q2 2025, Warsaw's office market recorded net demand of approximately 63,000 square meters with total transaction volumes of 155,000 square meters, while the vacancy rate stood at 10.8% overall, with 7.8% in central zones and 13.3% outside the city center. New office supply in the first half of 2025 totaled 85,200 square meters, with lease renewals accounting for 59% of leasing activity in Warsaw during the quarter.

At the end of H1 2025, Warsaw's office market contained 6.33 million square meters of total supply, with new supply deliveries reaching 85,200 square meters (34% increase year-over-year), while the construction pipeline contracted to just under 140,000 square meters (50% decrease year-over-year). Total leasing activity in H1 2025 was 301,400 square meters with net absorption of 66,900 square meters (123% increase year-over-year), and the vacancy rate stood at 10.8%, down 10 basis points year-over-year, with prime office headline rents in central zones ranging from EUR 22.50 to 28.00 per square meter per month.

Prague's office market in Q2 2025 showed a vacancy rate decline to 6.6% with total stock at 3.94 million sq m, while gross take-up fell 24% year-over-year to 164,800 sq m and new completions dropped 86% to 6,600 sq m, reflecting persistently constrained supply. Technology & IT sector companies dominated leasing activity, net take-up reached 110,300 sq m down 13% annually, and the outlook remains subdued with only 26,600 sq m of new supply projected for 2025, the lowest annual figure since 1994.

Warsaw's warehouse market comprised 7.1 million square meters of total stock at the end of Q2 2025, accounting for 19.6% of Poland's total warehouse space, with approximately 80% located in Zone II (12-50 km from the city center). In H1 2025, new supply totaled over 155,000 square meters (a 30% decline year-over-year), leasing volume reached nearly 550,000 square meters (an 18% increase), vacancy rose to 6.6%, and approximately 430,000 square meters remained under construction.

Knight Frank's H1 2025 report on Krakow assesses the city's investment attractiveness, office market dynamics, and labor market trends. Key findings include Krakow ranking 1st in business friendliness and human capital among large European cities in the fDi's 2025 ranking, with 1.83 million sq m of office stock, record H1 2025 take-up of 172,000 sq m (including nearly 123,000 sq m in Q2 alone), a vacancy rate of 17.3%, and headline rents stable at EUR 10–18 per sq m/month, while an HR perspective section examines EU pay transparency directive implementation challenges beginning December 2025 and notes that 53% of Poland's active real estate agents are women.

Kraków's modern office market totaled 1.83 million square meters at end-June 2025 with zero new supply delivered in the first half of the year, though 65,200 square meters remained under construction across six projects. Demand reached 172,000 square meters in H1 2025 (an 85% year-over-year increase), driven primarily by renegotiations representing 71% of activity, while the vacancy rate stood at 17.3%, down 290 basis points from the prior year, with rents in A-class buildings ranging EUR 14.00–17.00 per square meter per month.

Finland's commercial property investment market recorded €2.28 billion in transaction volume during the first quarter of 2026, with residential properties accounting for 57 percent of sales and international investors representing approximately 40 percent of buyer activity. The Finnish economy showed quarter-to-quarter GDP growth of 0.47 percent with an unemployment rate of 9.86 percent in March 2026, while the office sector maintained a prime yield of 5.00 percent amid cautiously improving sentiment across property sectors despite geopolitical uncertainties.

Cushman & Wakefield's Helsinki Industrial MarketBeat Q1 2026 report analyzes the Finnish economy and industrial property market, reporting a prime yield of 5.10% NIY and prime rent of €12.00 PSM/m, with GDP growth forecast at 0.6% for 2026 amid geopolitical uncertainties. The report notes that demand for light industrial and logistics spaces drove rents upward, approximately 455,000 square meters of new logistics premises were completed in 2024–2025 in the Helsinki Region, and demand from occupiers is expected to continue in primary logistics submarkets driven by e-commerce trends and a shortage of prime premises.