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This Knight Frank publication surveys Kraków's real estate market across office, retail, warehouse, hotel, residential, and investment sectors as of 2025. The office market section reports that Kraków holds 1.83 million square meters of office stock with a 19% vacancy rate, achieved 267,000 square meters in leasing demand in 2024 (the highest among Polish regional cities), and has 52,000 square meters under construction, with Class A rents ranging from EUR 14–18 per square meter per month.

Cologne's warehouse and logistics market recorded take-up of 82,000 sqm in Q1 2026, representing a 156% increase year-over-year and 30% above the ten-year average, driven largely by major contracts including a 35,000 sqm lease by logistics provider Goodcang in Bergheim. Prime rent for modern logistics properties stood at €8.20/sqm with a year-on-year increase of 6.5%, while average rent reached €6.70/sqm (+6.3%), with both rental levels expected to remain stable through the year despite underlying economic and geopolitical headwinds.

Düsseldorf's logistics market recorded take-up of 66,000 square meters in Q1 2026, representing 10% above the ten-year average despite a 35% decline from the exceptionally high Q1 2025 result. Prime rents for space of 5,000 square meters or more stabilized at €8.70 per square meter, while average rents remained unchanged at €7.00 per square meter, with approximately 20 lease deals registered—the highest number since 2021.

The document is a commercial real estate market study for the Lyon agglomeration's business premises sector in the first quarter of 2026, published by Arthur Loyd and Brice Robert. Placed demand reached 63,997 square meters with 74 transactions, representing a 22% volume increase versus Q1 2025 despite a 19% decline in transaction count, with the average transaction size rising to 865 square meters and new or restructured space falling to 16% of activity.

The document analyzes the industrial rental market in Marseille in the first quarter of 2026, reporting that approximately 34,000 m² were transacted, representing a 23% annual increase but still 5% below the five-year average, while average rents declined to 94 €/m²/year from 106 €/m²/year the previous year due to economic conditions and supply shortages. Prime rents remained at 130 €/m²/year, supported by limited supply and tertiarization of assets in premium zones, while new space rents fell to 113 €/m²/year and secondary space rents decreased to 91 €/m²/year.

The JLL report analyzes Lyon's industrial real estate rental market in Q1 2026, noting a 12% year-over-year rebound with 64,700 m² exchanged, though this remains 14% below the five-year average. Prime rents reached €125/m²/year while average new space rents held steady at €102/m²/year and second-hand rents rose to €92/m²/year, with immediate availability reaching 620,000 m² (+36% annually), indicating a supply-rich market favoring tenants despite strong underlying demand for new space.

The Cologne commercial real estate investment market recorded €256 million in transaction volume during Q1 2026, representing a 194.9% increase year-over-year, with office properties dominating at 79.3% of total investment and the City Centre accounting for 52.4% of activity. Net prime yields remained stable for office assets at 4.40%, while retail high-street properties increased to 4.00% (+10 basis points) and logistics rose to 4.50% (+25 basis points) compared to Q1 2025.

The Valencia industrial and logistics market faces acute supply scarcity with availability below 1%, addressed by a planned delivery of over 800,000 square meters of new space between late 2025 and 2026, of which 470,000 square meters are immediately available. The market demonstrates strong demand with absorption exceeding 400,000 square meters in the first nine months of 2025 (a 65% increase year-over-year), prime rents consolidating at 5.5 €/m²/month with asking prices reaching 5.65–5.75 €/m²/month in prime locations, and investment volumes in the Valencia region surpassing 100 million euros during 2025.

The Düsseldorf logistics market recorded take-up of approximately 227,000 square meters in the first three quarters of 2025, representing a 20% increase year-on-year and 24% above the long-term average, with large-scale contracts accounting for roughly 28% of this activity. Prime rents increased 8% year-on-year to €8.50 per square meter while average rents rose 5% to €6.90 per square meter, driven by high demand for modern ESG-compliant space and limited supply.

In the first three quarters of 2025, Düsseldorf's investment market recorded €766 million in investment volume, matching the previous year but remaining 55% below the 10-year average of €1.7 billion, with the market ranking fourth among A-cities behind Berlin, Munich, and Hamburg. Net prime yields stood at 4.50% for office properties, 3.95% for inner-city retail, and 4.40% for logistics properties, with no transactions exceeding €100 million recorded so far in the year.

This is a market report published by Colliers in June 2025 providing a snapshot of the property market in Edinburgh, Scotland, as of August 2025. The report covers capital markets, office, retail, and industrial sectors across the Edinburgh market.

This is a market report published by CBRE in June 2025 covering the logistics sector in Vienna, Austria, with a focus on logistics hotspots in the city. The report addresses the industrial real estate market in this European geography.

The Focus Report Copenhagen 2025 by Colliers covers the commercial property market in Copenhagen across five segments: office, retail, residential, industrial and logistics, providing market insights, historical rent developments, and key transaction data for Denmark's largest urban area of 1.4 million inhabitants. The report's main findings include that the office market shows a bright outlook with expected annual employment growth of 1.45% through 2028 and low vacancy rates around 7% despite construction activity declining 64% between 2021-2024, while the residential rental market remains robust and the industrial and logistics sector shows healthy occupancy with prospects for continued rental growth.

This is a market report published by Colliers in December 2025 covering the industrial and logistics sector in Oslo, Norway.

The Colliers Denmark Market Report 2025 analyzes Danish commercial property market trends across six segments (office, residential, retail, industrial and logistics, hotel, and other), reporting a total transaction volume of DKK 52 billion in 2024, up modestly from 2023 but still significantly below historical averages, with residential properties accounting for 50 percent of transactions and Greater Copenhagen comprising 60 percent of all deals. The report identifies signs of market recovery in late 2024, particularly in residential and industrial/logistics segments, expects renewed international investor participation in 2025 as interest rates decline, and notes that despite yield decompression, positive rental growth in Greater Copenhagen delivered a 5.15 percent total return on commercial property in 2024.

Stuttgart's logistics market recorded take-up of 61,000 square meters in the first three quarters of 2025, down 29.9 percent from 87,000 square meters in the same period of 2024, driven almost entirely by small deals under 5,000 square meters with no major contracts exceeding that threshold. Prime rents remained stable at €8.50 per square meter and average rents at €6.50 per square meter, while weak German economic conditions and global trade uncertainties have dampened demand particularly from the automotive sector, though manufacturing continues as the leading user segment at 27.1 percent market share.

The Stuttgart industrial and logistics real estate market recorded 69,600 square meters of space turnover in the first nine months of 2025, declining 27 percent year-over-year and falling 57 percent below the five-year average. Demand remains subdued due to economic uncertainty, with 87 percent of all lettings occurring in properties up to 3,000 square meters, accounting for 60 percent of total area turnover, while top-rents stand at 8.50 euros per square meter and average rents at 7.20 euros per square meter.

Avison Young's Manchester outlook report assesses the city's real estate market during economic transition marked by rising interest rates, noting that property values have corrected and deal volumes have fallen, though some sectors like Big Box industrial show early recovery signs. The report projects Manchester will outperform the UK on economic growth driven by services and knowledge industries, highlights major office redevelopment schemes attracting major financial institutions, notes a 68% decline in big-box industrial take-up due to economic slowdown and low supply, and identifies Manchester as the second-most active residential investment market after London over the previous decade.

The Stuttgart industrial and logistics real estate market recorded 45,500 square meters of transaction volume in the first half of 2025, representing a 29% decline from the previous year and 52% below the five-year average, with small-unit spaces accounting for 92% of transactions and 62% of total turnover. Prime rents stood at 8.50 euros per square meter and average rents at 7.20 euros per square meter, with demand concentrated in small-space segments while the absence of automotive sector demand and expiring leases are shifting the market toward a tenant-favorable environment with increased rental incentives.

BNP Paribas Real Estate's H1 2025 Investment Market report for Stuttgart documents commercial real estate transaction activity, finding approximately €183 million invested across the first half of 2025 (€71 million in Q1 and €112 million in Q2), representing 70% below the long-term average despite a marginal 2% year-over-year increase. Logistics assets dominated with 58.4% market share, office investments accounted for 30.6%, prime yields remained stable at 4.40% for office, 4.25% for logistics, and 3.85% for retail, while 69.4% of investment concentration shifted to the periphery driven by logistics deals, with no transactions exceeding €50 million completed.

This is a Q1 2025 data and figures report published by CBRE on March 31, 2025, covering logistics market metrics in Denmark with a specific focus on the Copenhagen market. The report belongs to the industrial sector category.

Stuttgart's industrial and logistics real estate market recorded 125,500 square meters of transaction volume in Q4 2024, representing a 40 percent decline year-over-year, with top rents rising 2 percent to €8.50 per square meter and average rents increasing 3 percent to €7.20 per square meter. Production and manufacturing accounted for 52 percent of demand, the majority of transactions occurred in properties under 3,000 square meters, and Ludwigsburg, Esslingen, and Rems-Murr-Kreis were the three leading submarkets by volume.

The Dutch Logistics Market Report 2025, published by Knight Frank, analyzes investment and occupier market trends, supply-demand dynamics, pricing, and future prospects for Netherlands logistics real estate. Key findings include investment volume recovery to approximately €3.25 billion in 2024, Tier 1 prime net initial yields compressing to 4.60%, approximately 4.75 million square meters leased in 2024, vacancy declining to a low 4.0%, and constrained supply driven by planning challenges and grid congestion restrictions limiting new construction.

This is a real estate market outlook report published by CBRE on December 31, 2024, covering investment opportunities and sector performance in Oslo, Norway for 2025, with coverage spanning office, multifamily, retail, and industrial sectors along with capital markets analysis.

This Knight Frank Q3 2025 report examines occupier and investment market trends in the West Yorkshire and Humber logistics and industrial sector, finding that year-to-date take-up stands at 1.8 million square feet with a vacancy rate of 7.5% and prime rents at £10.00 per square foot in Leeds. The occupier market saw modest Q3 activity but strong pipeline momentum, with demand concentrated in 50,000–100,000 square foot units comprising half of all year-to-date take-up, while the investment market strengthened in Q3 with prime industrial yields in Leeds at 5.25% and portfolio transactions expected to dominate the second half of 2025.

CRE recovery is intact, but widening dispersion across property types and markets underscores a K-shaped, more uneven path forward.

Record CRE pricing persists despite macro shocks, with a shift toward smaller, older properties at higher valuations.
The CRE market is no longer waiting for lower rates or policy clarity; it is learning to operate without either.

The Netherlands industrial market recorded approximately 3.8 million square meters of take-up in 2025, with logistics continuing to dominate investment activity at around €2.5 billion in total investment volume, though pricing misalignment between buyers and sellers continues to constrain transaction volumes. The occupier market shows strong demand for high-quality properties in core locations with structurally low vacancy rates, while secondary markets face higher vacancy and increasing rental discounts, with prime yields at 4.75% and prime rent at €125 per square meter annually.

In the first three quarters of 2025, €1.5 billion was invested in the Dutch industrial and logistics real estate market, with 79% allocated to logistics, and the sector accounted for approximately 21% of total Dutch commercial real estate investment, with solid transactions occurring particularly in the €20 to €70 million range. The industrial occupier market recorded total take-up of 2,351,000 sq m in the same period, with strong demand for high-quality properties in core markets but very low vacancy levels there, while secondary locations showed higher vacancy rates and less occupier interest.

In the first half of 2025, €980 million was invested in the Dutch industrial and logistics real estate market, with 72% allocated to logistics; the occupier market showed modest 4% growth in take-up compared to H1 2024, reaching approximately 1,610,000 sq m, while total supply grew 8% year-on-year driven by large-scale logistics facility completions. Prime rents stood at €125 per sq m annually, the prime yield (GIY excluding buyers' costs) was 4.90%, and the market is characterized by tight supply and rising rents in logistics hotspots contrasted with rising vacancy rates at secondary locations.

This is a market report published by Savills on December 31, 2025, covering the industrial sector in the Czech Republic as of the fourth quarter of 2025, with a focus on Prague.

Knight Frank's Q4 2025 comprehensive guide documents Poland's warehouse market, reporting that total warehouse take-up reached 6.6 million square meters in 2025 (the third-highest annual result on record), while investment volumes increased 11% year-on-year to EUR 1.5 billion, with modern warehouse stock exceeding 36.6 million square meters despite new supply declining 35% to 1.7 million square meters. Key findings include a vacancy rate of 7.4%, asking rents ranging from EUR 3.8–7.5 per square meter per month depending on facility type and location, and strong demand driven primarily by 3PL operators and retail chains, with international investors—particularly from the United States (38% of investment volume) and Czech Republic (16%)—demonstrating continued confidence in Poland's logistics market.

Krakow's 2026 real estate market report by Knight Frank covers office, retail, warehouse, hotel, and residential sectors, presenting market data and trends across Poland's leading regional business center. Key findings include office market take-up reaching a historic high of 269,500 sq m in 2025 with a 18.4% vacancy rate, retail stock at 658,000 sq m with exceptionally low 2.6% vacancy, and warehouse stock exceeding 1.2 million sq m with 2.8% vacancy amid constrained supply.

Poland's industrial real estate market achieved 6.64 million sqm in gross take-up during 2025, representing 14% year-on-year growth, while total stock reached 36.58 million sqm with a vacancy rate of 7.4% and prime rents ranging from EUR 4.40–5.75 per sqm per month. Poland's economy grew 3.6% in 2025 with GDP projected to expand 3.7% in 2026, supported by robust domestic demand, declining inflation expectations, and interest rate cuts that reduced borrowing costs for industrial and logistics investment.

Cushman & Wakefield's Q4 2025 industrial market report for the Czech Republic shows that total modern industrial stock reached 13.3 million sq m, with 813,500 sq m completed year-to-date (a 53% increase versus 2024) and 1.3 million sq m under construction, while leasing activity posted strong results with 642,000 sq m gross take-up and 371,500 sq m net take-up for the quarter. The vacancy rate stood at 4.8% at quarter-end with prime rents stable at €7.50/sq m in Prague, €6.50/sq m in Brno, €5.90/sq m in Pilsen, and €5.60/sq m in Ostrava, as the Czech economy recovered from prolonged stagnation supported by domestic demand with 3.0% GDP growth forecast and unemployment at 2.8%.

This is a market report published by Colliers in September 2025 covering the industrial sector in Prague, Czech Republic for the third quarter of 2025.

Poland's commercial real estate investment market reached EUR 2.6 billion in total volume during the first three quarters of 2025, representing an 8% year-on-year decline but maintaining over 100 closed deals and signaling anticipated recovery in Q4. The office sector led investment activity with EUR 899 million (34% of total volume), followed by the warehouse sector with EUR 873 million showing 18% year-on-year growth, while Polish domestic capital achieved a record 22% share of total investment originating from Poland, reflecting increased appetite among local investors for commercial real estate.

Warsaw's warehouse market comprised 7.1 million square meters of total stock at the end of Q2 2025, accounting for 19.6% of Poland's total warehouse space, with approximately 80% located in Zone II (12-50 km from the city center). In H1 2025, new supply totaled over 155,000 square meters (a 30% decline year-over-year), leasing volume reached nearly 550,000 square meters (an 18% increase), vacancy rose to 6.6%, and approximately 430,000 square meters remained under construction.

Cushman & Wakefield's Helsinki Industrial MarketBeat Q1 2026 report analyzes the Finnish economy and industrial property market, reporting a prime yield of 5.10% NIY and prime rent of €12.00 PSM/m, with GDP growth forecast at 0.6% for 2026 amid geopolitical uncertainties. The report notes that demand for light industrial and logistics spaces drove rents upward, approximately 455,000 square meters of new logistics premises were completed in 2024–2025 in the Helsinki Region, and demand from occupiers is expected to continue in primary logistics submarkets driven by e-commerce trends and a shortage of prime premises.

The JLL report analyzes Helsinki's industrial real estate market conditions in Q1 2026, finding that prime logistics rents remained stable at €9.50 per square meter per month while prime logistics yields compressed by 5 basis points to 5.20%, with transaction volume reaching €159 million in the quarter.

This is a market report published by Colliers in December 2025 covering the industrial and logistics sector in Belgium, with a focus on the Brussels region.

This is a real estate market outlook and forecast report published by CBRE on December 31, 2025, covering the Finland real estate market with focus on capital markets activity. The report includes coverage of Helsinki and broader Finnish real estate sectors.

During the first seven months of 2025, the Finnish real estate transaction volume reached EUR 2.5 billion, 75% higher than the previous year, with transaction numbers growing 40% and retail property sector volume tripling to EUR 620 million. Prime residential yield declined by 10 basis points to 4.3%, while office vacancy in the Helsinki metropolitan area reached a record-high 17.0% in the second quarter, with foreign investors accounting for 53% of total transaction volume.

This is a CBRE data report published in September 2025 presenting logistics figures for the third quarter of 2025, focusing on the industrial and logistics sector in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Sweden's logistics market is transitioning to a cautious phase after record development, with modern stock vacancy rising to 7.9% as of Q1 2025 primarily due to speculative completions in 2023–2024, while construction volumes are declining with completions expected to align with historical averages. Investor interest remains solid with SEK 10.6 billion invested by April 2025 representing 21% of transaction volume, domestic investors dominating at 78% share, prime yields stabilizing around 5.0%, and structural demand supported by NATO-driven defence expansion and e-commerce growth showing +5% turnover and +8.3% parcel volume increases in 2024.

This Cushman & Wakefield MarketBeat report covers Sweden's logistics real estate market in Q1 2025, detailing supply completions of approximately 150,000 sq m (70% pre-let), rising vacancies to 9.0% nationwide with Stockholm reaching 14.0%, and prime rents increasing across major regions while yields remained stable at 5.00-5.50%. The report forecasts new completions for full-year 2025 at 0.4 million sq m (70% lower than 2024's 1.4 million sq m) and notes Swedish economic indicators including 2.4% GDP growth, 2.3% inflation, and a -0.2% construction cost index decline.
The Marketbeat Portugal Industrial Q1 2026 report for Greater Porto covers demand, vacancy, rents, and development trends in Portugal's industrial and logistics sector, reporting 13 new occupancy deals totaling 65,110 square meters (a 16% year-on-year decrease), vacancy in Greater Lisbon at 4.3%, and prime rents rising to €6.00 per square meter per month in the Port of Leixões–Airport area. The report notes Portugal's GDP growth of 2.3% in Q1 2026, a substantial pipeline of 762,600 square meters scheduled for completion over the next three years with 394,000 square meters already under construction, and sustained occupier demand despite supply constraints.

Portugal's industrial logistics market recorded a take-up of 65,100 square meters in Q1 2026, with the Lisbon region representing 37% of activity, as geopolitical conflicts dampened market sentiment. Prime rents in Lisbon reached €7.00 per square meter per month in leading assets due to persistent supply shortages, while near-shoring and supply chain resilience strategies are expected to sustain demand for modern logistics space.

Dublin's industrial and logistics market recorded 524,083 sq ft of take-up across 25 transactions in Q1 2026, representing a 45% decline from Q4 2025, with prime rents for larger units ranging from €13.25 to €15.00 per sq ft and smaller well-located units achieving €18.00 to €20.00 per sq ft. The market maintains a constrained supply environment with an estimated vacancy rate of 3.5% to 4% and over 799,000 sq ft of reserved space from the prior quarter in advanced negotiation stages.

The Dutch Logistics Market Report 2026 covers investment and occupier market trends, assessing supply and demand, pricing, and future market prospects in Dutch logistics real estate. The report finds that the Dutch logistics investment market stabilized in 2025 with total investment volume of approximately €3.1 billion, while core transaction activity increased as investor appetite shifted toward stabilizing yields, vacancy rose to approximately 4.50% concentrated in older stock, and rental growth remained positive but moderated compared to prior years, with prime net initial yield for Tier 1 assets at around 4.60%.

Italy's logistics market recorded Q4 2025 take-up of approximately 840,000 sqm, representing a 56% increase above the quarterly average since early 2024 and a 40% increase year-over-year, driven by returning medium and large-scale transactions primarily from 3PL operators and fashion retailers. Investment volumes in industrial and logistics reached approximately €960 million in Q4 2025, more than double the previous quarter, bringing year-to-date investment to €2.17 billion (a 21% increase versus 2024), while the vacancy rate stood at 6.6% and prime rents maintained €70/sqm/year in Milan and Rome with prime yields compressing to 5.25%.

JLL's 2025 review of Belgian commercial real estate documents major trends across offices, industrial and logistics, retail, and investment markets, with take-up in offices exceeding 360,000 m² (70% in Grade A buildings) while vacancy in Greater Brussels remained at 7.8% and rental values reached a record €193/m²/year on average. The investment market reached approximately 4.3 billion euros by early December, with industrial real estate recording an absolute record of 1.3 billion euros and Ultra High Net Worth private investors accounting for nearly a quarter of total volume, while the 2026 outlook remains cautious due to economic uncertainties and geopolitical conditions.

Italy's real estate investment market recorded €4.63 billion in fourth-quarter 2025 sales volume, a 31% year-on-year increase, with retail leading at 25% of quarterly volumes followed by industrial & logistics at 21%, while full-year 2025 totaled €12.5 billion marking a 23% annual increase and confirming market recovery. Foreign investors contributed 58% of total capital, retail achieved €3.5 billion in full-year investment with major transactions including a €420 million Carrefour portfolio acquisition, and office investment reached €1.63 billion for the year despite remaining 17% below 2024 levels and 41% below the five-year average.

Cushman & Wakefield's Industrial Q4 2025 report on Portugal documents full-year 2025 take-up of 484,970 square meters in the industrial and logistics sector, representing a 39% year-on-year decrease, with Greater Lisbon commanding 56% of activity and prime rents increasing to €5.65 per square meter per month in Greater Lisbon and €5.90 in Greater Porto. The report projects Portuguese GDP growth to accelerate to 2.3% in 2026 from 1.9% in 2025, notes a 4.1% vacancy rate in Greater Lisbon evidencing supply constraints, and identifies 758,500 square meters of logistics projects planned over the next three years with 449,900 square meters already under construction.

Ireland's industrial and logistics market achieved approximately 80,100 square metres of national take-up in Q4 2025, bringing the full-year total to 326,400 square metres—an 83% increase over 2024—driven primarily by Dublin where take-up more than doubled. Prime Dublin rents rose 6% in 2025 to €149 per square metre with further growth forecasted, vacancy remained tight at 3.6% nationally, investment volumes reached €100 million in Q4 led by the €61 million Northgate portfolio sale, and the sector delivered an 8.4% total return based on MSCI data despite moderating but resilient global trade conditions and Ireland's solid domestic economic performance.

By end of Q3 2025, Portugal's industrial and logistics investment reached €148 million year-to-date, surpassing 2024 and 2023 volumes and representing 8% of total commercial real estate investment, though an imbalance persists between strong occupier demand and slower investment activity due to a critical shortage of modern, technically compliant facilities. Greater Lisbon recorded 205,594 sq m of take-up in the first nine months of 2025 (down 5% year-over-year), with logistics stock at 3.52 million sq m (+8% year-over-year) and a 3.66% vacancy rate, with the Sacavém-Alverca and Montijo-Alcochete corridors accounting for 57% of take-up driven by 3PL operators and distribution companies.

Italy's logistics market recorded approximately 600,000 sqm of take-up in Q3 2025, a 24% increase from the previous two quarters, with the vacancy rate at 6.9% gradually rising due to recently completed speculative projects. Industrial and logistics investment volumes rebounded strongly to around 400 €Mn in Q3 (up 167% from Q2), while prime rents remained stable at €70/sqm per year in Milan and Rome with yields holding at 5.50%.

Dublin's industrial and logistics market recorded 491,600 square feet of take-up across 17 deals in Q3 2025, representing a 71% year-on-year increase, while 763,900 square feet of new supply completed across eight units—the highest quarterly delivery since Q2 2023. Prime rents increased by €0.75 per square foot to €13.75 psf over the past year, and the vacancy rate rose to 2.4% as delivery of vacant completions accelerated, though Dublin maintains one of Europe's lowest vacancy rates despite strong supply growth.

JLL's H1 2025 review of Belgian commercial real estate reports approximately €1.6 billion in total transaction volume, with industrial real estate reaching €768 million (nearly half the total), office investment at €216 million (the lowest since 2012), and retail at €346 million, while industrial vacancy remains below 3% nationally but occupier demand has weakened across most segments. The document projects 2025 will become the most successful year ever for Belgian industrial real estate investment due to major transactions including the €300 million Weerts portfolio sale to Intervest, while office sector remains subdued despite strong rental rates in Brussels (€400/sq m/year) and office take-up concentrating 75% in Grade A buildings.